Love and Friendship in Their Eyes Were Watching God and...

The way the author characterizes the main characters in Zora Neale Hurston‘s Their Eyes Were Watching God and Tim OBriens The Things They Carried shows how people in any situation find friendship and love. Many of the characters in Their Eyes Were Watching God are defined by their thoughts and opinions on women, especially Janie’s three husbands. Logan and Jody don’t consider women to be thinking or feeling humans, and both of these men think they have the right to hurt a woman who they think is misbehaving. Tea cake, however, values Janie’s personality and company. He also feels the duty of being a husband- protect her from danger, etc. This makes it easy for Janie to fall for Tea cake and his qualities rather than Logan and Jody†¦show more content†¦In him she definitely found change and chance, but still not the love she was looking for. What Jody had for Janie was more of a lust than a love. He was very protective of her and didnt want anyone else to see in her what he saw. He gave her lots of things such as money, but love was not one of them. Unfortunately Jody dies making Janie move on to Tea cake. Tea cake is everything Janie ever wanted. Tea Cake let her be herself and he loved her just the way she was. He encouraged her to be what she wanted to be to follow her dreams, her thoughts, and her aspirations. A big difference between Tea cake and Janie is their age difference, but Tea Cake believes they can overcome that difference through love. â€Å"Things lak dat got uh whole lot tuh do with convenience but it ain’t got nothin tuh do wid love† (105). Tea Cake does not care about social prescriptions. As long as love exists between them, their ages do not matter. Society should not run a love life. True love comes within the heart and the feelings you get from someone and Tea Cake proves that with Janie. Tim is a young boy forced to go to war with all hopes of returning home. He is thrown into Alpha Compa ny with men much similar to his situation of being forced to go to war through the draft and wanting to go home. He is now forced to make bonds and friendships with his new brothers. This bond of friendship helps the men of Alpha Company survive on a day to day basis. These men looked to eachShow MoreRelatedThe Story Of Phil s Life1538 Words   |  7 PagesDan wasn t 100% sure of the exact moment he d fallen in love with his best friend, but he was certainly aware of the moment realisation struck that this was the case. It was like a thousand ton of bricks (somehow) cascaded from the sky, hit him all at once and finally placed his thoughts together. Thoughts that had been so jumbled up and discarded, so shunned and rejected, so confused and hopeless – that he d forgotten he even owned them up until this point. Thinking about it, it was inevitableRead MoreSula by Toni Morrison1378 Words   |  6 Pagescharacter, which so many folks believe to be evil. Sula’s birthmark is mostly seen as a long-stemmed rose. The rose is commonly a symbol for love and is revered for its beauty but it stands as a symbol with many meanings. First, it is an early, sacred symbol, an ancient flower that may have derived thousands and thousands of years ago and carried about because of its beauty. It has been adopted by the Catholic Church as the flower of the Virgin Mary. In ancient days, if a rose hung from theRead Morereview Essay3677 Words   |  15 Pagescolumnist. He is seen as youth icon than a writer. His other outstanding works are Five point someone :what not to do at IIT(2004), one night @ the call center(2005), the 3 mistakes of my life(2008),2 states: the story of my marriage(2009),revolution2020:love,corruption,ambition(2011) and what young India wants (2012) is his first non-fiction book. 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His yellow skin scarcely covered the work of muscles and arteries beneath; his hair was of a lustrous black, and flowing; his teeth of a pearly whiteness; but these luxuriance only formed a more horrid contrast with his watery eyes, that seemed almost of the same colour as the dun white sockets in which they were set, his shriveled complexion and straight blackRead MoreThe Fat Girl by Andre Dubus6416 Words   |  26 Pagesran his hands up and down her hips. Her father kissed her often. He was thin and kind and she could see in his eyes when he looked at her the lights of love and pity. It started when Louise was nine. You must start watching what you eat, her mother would say. I can see you have my metabolism. Louise also had her mother’s pale blond hair. Her mother was slim and pretty, carried herself erectly, and ate very little. The two of them would eat bare lunches, while her older brother ate sandwichesRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book The Billionaire Idea Thief 7200 Words   |  29 Pages(include menage) ====== Amazon Blurb Mimi Haverton is a tech entrepreneur with an Ice Queen reputation in Silicon Valley, a reputation she had to develop to survive the boys club of working in tech. Mimi has a bold new idea for an app and only one thing standing in her way - lack of funding. Pushed to the brink she is forced to set aside her misgivings and dare to tangle with the venture capitalist billionaire Idea Thief himself, one Elk Mustereon. Lured into Elk s lair Mimi struggles to holdRead MorePanchatantra Stories5618 Words   |  23 Pagesis like that, nothing lasts for ever. Anyway, I am going to the river for a bath. Please let your son Dhanadeva come with me to carry the things and look after them.       Now the merchant was afraid that the bath things might be stolen, so he said to his son, My son! Here is your uncle. He is going to the river for a bath. Go along with him and carry the things that he needs. Its true what they say: One man is kind to another, not only out of affection but out of fear, greed and other reasonsRead MoreThomas Hardy Poems16083 Words   |  65 PagesHAP IF but some vengeful god would call to me From up the sky, and laugh: Thou suffering thing, Know that thy sorrow is my ecstasy, That thy love s loss is my hate s profiting! Then would I bear, and clench myself, and die, Steeled by the sense of ire unmerited; Half-eased, too, that a Powerfuller than I Had willed and meted me the tears I shed. But not so. How arrives it joy lies slain, And why unblooms the best hope ever sown? --Crass Casualty obstructs the sun and rain, AndRead MoreReview Of Charlotte Bronte s Jane Eyre 10879 Words   |  44 Pagesoften been pointed out that Jane Eyre is Charlotte Bronte, as Bronte also struggled to come to terms with balancing her feelings and freedom. It has also been pointed out that Bertha Mason is Charlotte Bronte. Both did not get to go out, failed to find love, and expressed themselves in unorthodox ways. Literary Period: Victorian Produced: October 16, 1847 Published: Smith, Elder, and Co., Cornhill Country where written: England Setting Location: Gateshead, Lowood School, Thornfield, Moor House, and Ferndean

The Concept of Gene Therapy and How the Technology Can Applied in the Essay

Essays on The Concept of Gene Therapy and How the Technology Can Applied in the Treatment of Cystic Essay The paper "The Concept of Gene Therapy and How the Technology Can Apply in the Treatment of Cystic" is an excellent example of an essay on biology. In the advances of modern medicine and biology, scientists and researchers have been looking into the different cellular mechanics that help make the bodywork. One of the fields of great interest is genetic research as a way of completely curing the illnesses versus offering a prescription to relieve the symptoms. Genetic technology has allowed scientists to study, clone, and replicate DNA for the purposes of treatment and research. In particular, gene therapy is useful in helping treat a variety of illnesses such as cystic fibrosis. Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder that affects the respiratory system. With this condition, a mucous build-up occurs in the lungs as well as other organs in the body. The genetic disorder is caused by an abnormality in the DNA which causes the development of an abnormally amount of thick mucus. If not treated properly, cystic fibrosis can be fatal. Some of the commonly seen symptoms of the disease include but aren’t limited to congestion, cough, fatigue, nausea, etc. A blood test is usually used to identify illnesses. There are also many different medical treatments available to help with this illness such as medication to help break up the thick mucus as well as a host of different antibiotics to reduce the risk of infection ("Cystic Fibrosis"). Gene therapy can be used as a possible cure method for cystic fibrosis. Gene therapy requires going to the cellular level in order to manipulate DNA that has been encoded incorrectly or has been damaged in order to eliminate the g enetic disorder. First, in 1990, researchers were able to synthesize correct DNA strands of the working gene that causes cystic fibrosis. Throughout the years, different methods of introducing this correct DNA onto an incorrect DNA template have included infection through genetically modified viruses and bacteria as well as through other methods ("Learning about Cystic Fibrosis"). Although there are limits to the ability of genetic manipulation, scientists are currently researching new methods of being able to not only treat genetic disorders but also how to cure these disorders. As gene therapy develops, more sophisticated techniques can be developed in order to ensure that all genetic disorders can be cured.

Federal Government Free Essays

According to Utta Education Network, 2008 there are three main branches of the federal government are: – Legislative Branch. – Executive Branch. – Judicial Branch. We will write a custom essay sample on Federal Government or any similar topic only for you Order Now These braches plays different vital roles in governing the federal government They usually deal with matters of writing, debating and passing various bills which are finally approved by the president. The members are usually representatives of a given are within the state referred to as congregational district. The chief function of this branch is to make law. The Executive branch of federal government ensures that the law which are passed by the legislature are executed i. e. they are followed and obeyed by the citizens. This branch is usually headed by the president. In the case of judicial branch, they entirely deal with the issue of interpreting the laws of the nation which have been passed by the executive branch. The federal and the state court are the main body which deals with the issue of interpreting the law. Each law violation has different type of court to tend to it. These braches works hand in hand with each other and therefore they are involved in checking each others power. The legislature, everything that is done by the other two branches is constitutional. The executive branch ensures that the judicially and the legislature branch do not abuse their powers and they ensure that the law which is dealt with is constitutional. The judicially, ensures that the laws which are passed by the legislature are right for their approval and hence the they can be passed and signed so that they can be used by the executive branch Therefore, the three branches of federal government must work together for them to execute law which will be used to govern the citizens and to deal with law breakers. Reference: Utta Education Network, 2008, Three Branches of Government, Retrieved from, http://www. voteutah. org/learning/government/three_branches. html How to cite Federal Government, Papers Federal government Free Essays 1. Can the federal government regulate the possession of a machine- gun that was made wholly within Pennsylvania and was never part of interstate commerce? No the federal Government can not regulate the possession of a machine-gun because that is purely a local matter. Joe use the machine gun for his own and never took any part in interstate commerce. We will write a custom essay sample on Federal government or any similar topic only for you Order Now According to Wickard v. Filburn Congress can regulate purely intrastate activity that is not itself â€Å"commercial,† in that is is not for sale but its for own use. 1.Is it a defense that Joe’s possession of the machine-gun was insignificant in the grand scheme of things? After all, he is just one person who possesses only one firearm. Yes Joe allow defend his possession of the machine gun that was not significant in the grand scheme of things, because he did not use or carry the gun during a relation to the crime. In the Gonzales v Raich case the law in california is to use marihuana in medical purpose but not to effect on interstate commerce. Therefore Joe did not use the gun to effect on interstate commerce also he did not fire the gun while FBI agent was in the bar. 1.Will Joe be convicted for owning a machine-gun based upon Gonzales v. Raich? No Joe will be not convicted for owning a machine-gun because the gun was â€Å"home-made† and never traveled in interstate commerce. Based on Gonzales v. Rich case Congress power to regulate purely local activities that are part of economic that have a substantial effect on interstate commerce. According to the law congress can not regulate the possession because Joe use the gun for his own not on effect interstate commerce. How to cite Federal government, Essay examples

Ignorance and Demand for Liability Insurance

Question: Discuss about the Ignorance and Demand for Liability Insurance. Answer: Introduction: A shop that welcomes people to buy their products has a duty to ensure they are reasonably safe. If a customer falls in the store due to an unreasonable condition, he or she can claim for injury against the store. In the case of Tamara and Aldi Supermarket, for example, Tamara is a loyal customer to the store. However, one Saturday morning as Tamara was running towards the far end of the confectionary aisle, she slips on a melted ice cream and falls, upon which she breaks her back. As a result of this, Tamara spends several months recovering in hospital with general damages alone in excess of $700,000. Now, she wants to sue Aldi Supermarket for the negligence of her losses, but Aldi Supermarket can prove that it has a member who cleans the aisle after every 40 minutes. Therefore, what follows in this discussion is the legal requirement on negligence misrepresentation and further an analysis of what Tamara should do in her situation. Legal Requirement in a Negligent Misrepresentation Action In cases of negligent misrepresentation, the ordinary laws of negligence apply. However, the plaintiff, in this case, Tamara, must prove three things in the action: the defendant owes her a duty of care; she faced damage or economic loss; the defendant went below the necessary standard of care. The Duty of Care According to Fleming, the duty of care is an obligation, recognized by law, to avoid conduct fraught with unreasonable risk of danger to others (Sadler, 2009, p.19). When the plaintiff faces pure economic loss, it becomes quite difficult for him or her (Velasco, 2015, p.648). This is where the arguments based on indeterminacy get played out. The duty of care concept shows that the courts envisaged that the two parties the plaintiff and the defendant (Tamara and Aldi Supermarket respectively) must be in a closeness or nearness (Kangoh, 2016, p.273). According to Lord Atkin, in his speech Donoghue v Stevenson, this relationship is called a neighbor." Atkin says that You must take reasonable care to avoid acts or omissions which you can reasonably foresee would be likely to injure your neighbor (Sadler, 2009, p.19). A neighbor, in this case, is the person who is closely and directly affected by the other persons acts. If the plaintiff suffered personal injury, then the court has no trouble in finding that the duty of care exists (Greiner, 2014, p.530). The nature of the damage, therefore, shows that at one time there was a physical closeness between the two parties. However, if the damage has a purely economic loss, it becomes hard for the court to demonstrate that there was a sufficient relationship between the parties for the establishment of the duty of care. Standard of Care Standard of care is also called the scope of duty. It is the negligence part of a negligence action. A defendant is expected to demonstrate a reasonable standard of care, and so is Aldi Supermarket. According to the objective standards, the appropriate standard of reasonable care is the standard which should have been reached according to the law, and not according to the defendant. If the accused does not reach the professional standards, it implies that he or she has not reached the required standard of care (Sadler, 2009, p.23). However, compliance with the accepted standards does not necessarily imply that the defendant becomes exonerated from liability. Damage Another element that Tamara has to prove to the court is that she suffered damage from the negligent action of Aldi Supermarket. Based on causation in common law, Tamara must show that Aldi Supermarket contributed to her loss. Nonetheless, negligence of the defendant may not be the only cause of loss (Hamer, 2014, p.162; Pagura, 2015, p.255). The loss could also occur if the defendant is not negligent. In this regard, then the defendant is not held liable for the plaintiffs losses. The but for test is used to determine such situations (Sadler, 2009, p.24). The practical limitations of this test are that: (1) the test holds that there was no cause of the injury despite having independent and sufficient causes of the accident that resulted in injury. (2) In the case of a superseding event between the negligent action of the defendant and the injury to the plaintiff, the court resolves this judicially by combining the but for and the common sense test. If the defendants negligence caused injury to the plaintiff, the plaintiff gets only compensated where the damage was reasonably foreseeable. According to the Civil Liability Act, on the Scope of Liability,' the consequences to a defendant are reasonably foreseeable if they lead to real risk which a reasonable man would prevent (Bajtelsmit Thistle, 2009, p.110). Analysis It is a fact that Tamara slipped, fell and got injured in Aldi Supermarket. This is enough to allow her to have a valid claim against the business. The reason for this is as mentioned earlier: businesses have a duty to ensure their customers are reasonably safe (Zipursky, 2015, p.2142). However, having a valid legal claim is not always smooth because the plaintiff has an obligation to prove to the Court that the slip and fall were as a result of unsafe conditions in the store. Besides that, the store will only have a responsibility to compensate the customer depending on pfarticular facts about the accident, but not based on the common conditions that may cause slip and fall in such stores. Therefore, the legal responsibility of the business depends on whether it should have reasonably noticed the unsafe condition but failed to take the required action to fix it. However, being that Aldi can prove to the Court that it has a member who inspects and cleans the aisle after every forty minutes, then it is evident that the store demonstrates a reasonable standard of care. Besides, according to causation, the but for and the common sense tests, Tamaras injury could not be as a result of Aldis negligence. There is a high chance that she could still get injured even without the issue of negligence because it was morning and she was running fast to get the remaining chocolate bar. Therefore, in the case of Tamara v Aldi Supermarket, Aldi is not liable for Tamaras losses. As such, Tamara should not carry on with the case. Reference List Bajtelsmit, V, Thistle, P 2009, 'Negligence, Ignorance and the Demand for Liability Insurance,' Geneva Risk Insurance Review, 34, 2, pp. 105-116. Greiner, R 2014, 'Environmental Duty of Care: From Ethical Principle Towards a Code of Practice for the Grazing Industry in Queensland (Australia),' Journal of Agricultural Environmental Ethics, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 527-547. Hamer, D 2014, ''Factual causation' and 'scope of liability': What's the difference?', Modern Law Review, vol. 77, no. 2, pp. 155-188. Kangoh, L 2016, 'Risk Aversion, the Hand Rule, and Comparison between Strict Liability and the Negligence Rule,' Review Of Law Economics, 12, 2, pp. 261-274. Pagura, I 2015, 'Negligence: What you need to know,' Journal of the Australian Traditional-Medicine Society, vol. 21, no. 4, pp. 254-256. Sadler, P 2009, Liability for Negligent Misrepresentation in the Finance Industry.' 1st ed. [ebook] School of Business Law and Taxation, pp.17-25. Available at: https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/LegIssBus/2009/3.pdf [Accessed 17 Jan. 2017]. Velasco, J 2015, 'A Defense of the Corporate Law Duty of Care,' Journal of Corporation Law, 40, 3, pp. 647-703. Zipursky, BC 2015, 'Reasonableness In And Out Of Negligence Law,' University Of Pennsylvania Law Review, 163, 7, pp. 2131-2170.

Electronic Medical Records Essay Example

Electronic Medical Records Essay Electronic Medical Records are a mean of recording, processing, storing, recording and transferring health information electronically.   Several limitations that are associated with the paper system are clearly overcome, and besides, has a huge role in medical decision-making, integrating the services of various departments, customizing care to the patients, reducing medical errors, improving quality, reducing costs, etc.   The EMR can effectively help to transfer the information from one organization to another and in this way help in referrals and improving the access to healthcare.   However, the use of EMR’s in the US seems to be limited with only the second and the third stage of implementation being met out of the proposed seven stages.   The use of EMR’s is greater in bigger hospitals than in private practices and smaller hospitals.   Besides, the physicians seem to be more satisfied with the use of advanced EMR’s as the applications presented by them are comprehensive.   Many of the physicians are not able to understand the benefits of EMR and often try to determine the profits provided by them.   However, this is a wrong way of determining the benefits provided by such systems.   Often EMR’s have huge implications by reducing errors, improving decision-making, improving quality, costs of care, etc.   Besides, if used in the appropriate manner, physicians can see a greater number of patients. The Electronic Medical Record (EMR) is an application that would aid in recording clinical data electronically, making decisions, placing and receiving orders, making requests to the pharmacy, recording X-ray and laboratory findings, and also documenting clinical activities.   An EMR system can be utilized in most clinical settings that include physician’s private practices, nursing facilities, and ambulatory, inpatient, trauma, intensive and managed care settings.   An EMR system requires the use of a computer system along with a network.   The network would ensure the transfer and storage of the health information. The Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society (HIMSS) have planned the implementation and use of the EMR system in the US in 7 stages.   Currently EMR implementation is in stage 2 and stage 3.   In stage 6, about 100 % of the hospitals would be covered.   In stage 7, there would be building of the regional and national network that would in tegrate all the EMR systems and ensure that information can be safety shared across all hospitals.   Before the EMR system can be integrated over various regions, the hospitals should tend to use them as complete solution packages (HIMSS Analytics, 2006). We will write a custom essay sample on Electronic Medical Records specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Electronic Medical Records specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Electronic Medical Records specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Incidence The National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey conducted in 2001 and 2005 noticed an increase in the use of the EMR’s by physicians from 18 % in 2001, which jumped by about 31 % in the year 2005.   Of the 23.9 % physicians who used the EMR’s in 2005, about 11.2 % had full usage and 12. 7 % had partial usage of the EMR systems. Considering age, sex and specialty types, the EMR usage rates among physicians tends to be constant.   Several issues including the size of the practice, number of specialties in the practice, the presence of managed care contracts, etc, played a role in determining the EMR usage.   In the Midwest US, the EMR usage was about 26.9 % and in the West it was highest at 33.4 %.   EMR usage was the lowest in the Northeast at 14.4 %.   In urban areas, the EMR usage was about 24.8 % whereas in rural and other areas it was about 16.9 %.   More than 21.4 % of the physicians use the EMR for recording and presenting demographic data.   However, onl y about 5.4 % of the physicians can actually present epidemiological or public health data.   If the physicians used an EMR system completely, then they were more likely to place orders, prescriptions, laboratory tests, obtain lab results, take and record nursing notes, place reminders and alerts, etc, using the EMR (Burt, 2008). Studies conducted in Sweden and Norway, where the implementation of the EMR systems have been more intensive, have demonstrated that up to 90 % of the healthcare facilities may actually have EMRs (Open Clinical, 2008). In one of the study conducted on a family medicine practice in Dryden, New York, the EMR system was implemented in July 2003 and was installed in three phases.   The implementation of the EMR provided several benefits for the organization.   The organization had greater revenue and greater profit margins.   The obstacles in the EMR implementation were tackled successfully (ONiel, 2007). Benefits Using EMR has a huge number of benefits in the improvement of community health. There is the issue of decreased storage space and reduced efforts in searching for the records of the patient.   Electronic searches can last for a few seconds.   Hence, there would be an improvement in the efficiency.   The patient’s records can be stored in an easier manner electronically.   It can be modified with ease and changes can be made without any problems.   More importantly, the electronic medical records would ensure that data is entered with ease.   An electronic medical record would have a template for the healthcare professional to input data.   The physician can utilize various templates including demographic information, medical conditions sheets, orders, prescription, image requirements, follow-up notes, etc.   By picking up and using the right template, the physician can effectively save time, make fewer mistakes, and chart   a patient’s details more com pressively than when using a hard form paper recording system. In case of the trauma care department, the use of the EMR system is even more critical.   Such a system can help to provide immense benefits in such a way that it would improve the recording time and also provide the user with immense benefits in the form of alerts, risk information, error reporting, etc.   Some of these features could be life-saving in the trauma care or intensive care units.   EMR systems permit transfer of information inside and outside of the hospital.   When a provider is assigned to a particular patient, the provider as a user would be given rights to access the patient’s information.   The user would just have to logon any computer on the network with a username and password; and accordingly, access his/her patient’s information.   Between organizations, information can be transferred.   Thus, a patient can go to almost any hospital across the nation, and the hospital can retrieve the patient’s health information within a mat ter of seconds.   EMRs also permit safer and secure transfer of health information, ensuring that the patient’s information is kept confidential.   In case of an emergency situations or natural disasters, the EMR is very useful in ensuring that the patient’s information can be retrieved more easily.   Today, EMRs that are available in the market ensure that physicians or other healthcare providers perform fewer keystrokes when entering information.   Such systems are potentially becoming faster than the paper system and are saving time.   EMRs are also very useful in insurance claims, as it can handle any patient’s data in a better manner (Torrey, 2008). DISCUSSION The use of EMR’s in the healthcare system has huge number of advantages such that it can improve the quality, decrease the cost, improve the effectiveness, adhere to the standards, and improve the accessibility and the delivery of the healthcare.   The use of EMR’s by the physicians and other healthcare professionals in the US healthcare system has been slow, and also physicians are unreasonable taking time to understand the functionality of the system, perceive the benefits, develop solutions to the problems and adapt the system.   The use of EMR’s especially in the outpatient or ambulatory setup is a bit awkward.   The usage of EMR’s is in the range of 9 to 29 %, but the figures may not be a true indication at the extent at which physicians use EMR’s in the US.   The Office of the National Coordinator for Health Information Technology (part of the Department of Health and Human Services), have tried to use the EMR’s in a small repre sentative population and to develop measures and solutions directed at a larger population.   More than 2700 physicians were interviewed during the period late 2007 to early 2008 and about 62% of the physicians actually responded.   The physicians were asked questions about EMR usage and the manner in which they used them.   It was found that only 4 % of the physician population had a comprehensive EMR system and 13 % had a basic system.   More than 83 % of the physicians did not use and EMR, out of which 16 % had purchased one but did not implement it and 26 % wanted to have one within the next 2 years (DesRosches, 2008). It was also noted that certain characteristics in the physicians were associated with increased usage of the EMR.   The younger physicians adopted the EMR’s as they were more inclined to use computers.   There were not many differences between the usage of EMR between physicians who served minors, uninsured populations, insured populations, etc.   There was greater usage of all the features in the EMR when a basic system was used compared to an advanced system.   Some of the features that the physicians found useful in the EMR included entering, viewing and modifying data of the patient’s health, writing prescriptions and refills, giving appointments and referrals, placing orders for tests, etc.   Amongst these one of the most significant functions of the EMR system was to enable the physicians to place prescriptions electronically.   According to the benefits of EMR’s, about 82 % felt that there would be a positive implication over the quality of car e, 92 % felt that the interaction and communications would improve, 97 % felt that there was convenience in accessing the patient’s records and 86 % felt that there would be a significant reduction in the rate of errors.   Physicians felt that using the EMR helped to avert drug interactions and allergies, reporting of critical laboratory values and ensuring that preventive actions was enabled.   About 93 % of the physicians were satisfied with the use of an advanced EMR system and 88 % were satisfied with the use of a basic system.   The physicians were more likely to be happy in case an advanced EMR system was utilized.   The physicians also had a few barriers to adoption of the EMR including high costs of investment, difficulties in choosing a system, difficulties with having a current system, etc.   A high number of physicians chose to adopt an EMR system due to the financial incentives available to them.   About 40 % of the physicians felt that having an EMR s ystem could help protect tampering the medical records of the patient that may be done during assessment of liability in medico-legal cases.   Studies have also shown that when the physicians practice in a group (larger than 50) or in a hospital, were more likely to use medical records than otherwise.   Besides, the chances of the EMR system to be advanced and used for several functions was 4 times higher when adopted by a larger practice compared to a smaller group of physicians (DesRosches, 2008). With regards to quality of services, where electronic medical records were used in larger facilities was fully functional, and hence there was a better control over quality issues.   It may be difficult to assess the cost-effectiveness and quality outcome, unless through direct clinical studies.   There was greater concern amongst the physicians who actually utilized basic EMR systems as they were worried about accuracy and errors (DesRosches, 2008). Physicians were also concerned about the potential obstructions or limitations to the use of EMR’s.   As discussed earlier, the problems were greater and more severe in physicians who utilized basic EMR systems and were in a smaller practice (Miller, 2004). One of the huge concerns expressed by physicians is the high initial costs of procuring an EMR system.   The costs of procuring an EMR system ranged from sixteen thousand dollars to thirty six thousand dollars for every physician.   During the period of EMR implementation, some physicians experienced the problem of treating a fewer patients, which further increased the costs.   Besides, there were also the initial problems of learning how to use the EMR system and actually spending more time with each patient to input and access the information.   This caused a greater concern as now longer time was taken.   Physicians often found it very difficult to use computers.   This may be a huge concern especially in older physicians and those who are less computer-compliant.   The physicians may initially be unable to understand the benefits to quality and improvement in the system of the EMR and may even consider discarding it as it is pointless.   Often physicians find it d ifficult to navigate through an EMR.   Some of the basic EMR systems require huge amount of data to be typed, a lot of mouse clicks and several scrolling requirements.   On the other hand, an advanced EMR system can potentially help to do away with such problems.   Today more and more the EMR manufacturers are coming up with solutions for use by the physicians to ensure improvements in the quality.   The use of an EMR system needs to be gradually implemented along with constant support in the form of planning, training, trouble-shooting and problem-solving.   Often complex activities need to be performed to ensure that the functionality of the EMR is complemented.   Often support for EMR’s needs to be provided for several years following initial implementation.   New staff would join and leave the organization, and if it is a small EMR network, there are chances that support personnel may not be present all the time, as issues and trouble-shooting may be difficu lt to address.   Besides, constant training support needs to be provided.   The clinician may often have to modify their workflow to ensure that the EMR system can be effectively accommodated.   In larger organizations, the planning, implementation, training, trouble-shooting, financial support, leadership, expertise support, etc were greater than in smaller organizations (Miller, 2004). An EMR system should effectively talk to other clinical systems such as LIS, PACS and referral systems.   This would ensure that the workflow of various sections is well-integrated and the services provided are comprehensive.   In smaller organizations, there was a greater problem in integration as the system used were basic and the technical support require was complex (Mnatsakanyan, 2008). Another problem noticed with the EMR is that although there are certain benefits in terms of quality, error reduction, ease in decision-making, etc, these may not be quantified and hence may not be apparent to the physicians.   In other words, there are chances that no direct financial rewards are obtained to the organization.   Some physicians may also feel of doing away with such a system.   The use of the EMR may not be utilized to a greater extent in the organization (Mnatsakanyan, 2008). However, if the EMR systems are planned and implemented in an appropriate manner, there is a greater chance of the benefits being reaped than of the limitations being magnified.   One way would be to ensure that the EMR network be large and that exchange of data between various hospitals and practices be ensured.   Laboratory support to smaller hospitals can effectively be provided by the larger hospitals if EMR exchanges are present.   During the exchange of information within the EMR systems, the criteria laid down under HL and HIPAA needs to be closely adhered (Mnatsakanyan, 2008).   In community settings, such exchanges would permit exchange of data between the primary or community health centers and the tertiary hospitals and in this way enable provision of specialized health services.   Exchanges also help in meeting technical demands, governance, etc (Miller, 2004). The organization that utilizes the EMR should never consider the direct profits made by incorporating such a system, but instead look at the manner in which the related costs are reduced.   The cost benefits of EMR need to assess in other ways such as looking at performance reports, patient satisfaction levels, patient outcomes, reduction in medical errors, quality levels.   To encourage greater use of the EMR system by the physicians, incentives need to be provided (Mnatsakanyan, 2008). In the field of public and community health, the use of EMR is even more critical considering that this is one of the key issues to greater safety and health to the population of the entire nation.   Often the EMR system can be integrated with a public surveillance and monitoring system to identify the risk for any communicable diseases.   The systems can perform advanced calculations through the use of algorithms and hence predict the risk for any outbreak or epidemic, even before such an event has occurred.   The system uses ICD-9 and CPT codes help to detect the presence of any disease.   When the information from various sources are integrated, missing or incomplete data can be supplemented and in this way the risk for an outbreak of any disease can be predicted.   EMR have also been a very useful tool in the management of chronic diseases in a primary care setup.   The use of Evidence-based practices on patients can be monitored closely.   The use of EBP to assess diseases, determine if recommended tests and procedures are conducted and whether the outcome indicators are closely followed-up, should be ensured.   Many countries such as Canada, US and the UK have setup targets and conversion of the paper system to the EMR system within a few periods of years.   EMR would ensure greater amount of clinical audits and hence help to improve the quality of healthcare (Buono, 2008). CONCLUSION Although over the years there has been an increased use of EMR’s by the physicians, there needs to be a lot of issues to be sorted out.   Physicians from the smaller practices and hospitals are embracing EMR’s more slowly and besides are adopting only basic EMR system that would provide limited benefits which may not be very useful considering the high costs of implementation and maintenance.   There may be certain geographical differences in the use of EMR’s.   They tend to be used more often in urban areas compared to rural areas.   A fewer number of physicians would use an EMR for greater number of services.   Compared to the US, in countries such as Sweden and Norway, the implementation and use of the EMR’s have been greater.   EMR has huge number of benefits and would definitely help to change the face of medicine.   One of the huge advantages of EMR is the ability to incorporate evidence-based practices and in this way improve the quali ty of the services provided.   Besides EMR;s have a wide use of applications including placing orders and prescriptions, setting reminders and alerts, communicating with others through a messaging system, etc.   EMR’s if used properly can improve the efficiency and quality of services of the organization. They do not occupy a lot of space and can be utilized to search for information promptly.   In ICU and ED settings, the role of the EMR is even more critical and can potentially save the life of a patient.   A network can be formed which can be used to disseminate information and effectively integrate the services.   Several countries have set mandates for converting to fully electronic systems.   Some physicians may be turned down by the huge investments and resources required for procuring an EMR system.   However, it is important to note that when EMR’s systems are used properly can translate into huge profits indirectly for the organization and in turn reduce costs in various fields.   This may often not be seen as a benefit, but would have to be thoroughly researched.   Organizations need to determine ways in which the benefits of the EMR system would be known and hence be of greater use to the organization.   Also, a lot needs to be done regarding the int eroperability between the EMR system and including training as part of the curriculum in the medical schools.   A fully functional EMR should be ideally used by the physician.

Essay on The Ethics Audit

Essay on The Ethics Audit Essay on The Ethics Audit Essay on The Ethics AuditThe ethical case under consideration requires adequate response. As a fraud expert, I have investigated possible wrongdoing at a local nonprofit organization based on the established ethical principles. One of the workers, Stacey is involved in the embezzlement of money. Although she has good relations with Jamie, the President of the organization, Stacey has no right to embezzle money. It is necessary to provide a comprehensive response to Jamie regarding the potential fraud committed by Stacey. I should explain to her what is at stake. Nonprofit stakeholders include not only employees and volunteers, their families, clients and community members, but also the government, partners and donors (Non-profit stakeholders). Stacey’s behavior can be viewed as unethical behavior because she has caused damage to many stakeholders, embezzling money. The proper monitoring and control systems should have been in place at Jamie’s organization to prevent suc h a behavior. Ethical code of conduct developed for nonprofit organizations is aimed at actively promoting ethical behavior. Peer review monitoring and other internal control systems could have been used to prevent Stacey’s wrongdoing. These systems are aimed at monitoring compliance with the established ethical laws and regulations. Ethical training for employees could have been used to train employees performing their ethical responsibilities in a proper way. In addition, I would recommend an ethics audit to this company because the organization’s ethics should be systematically evaluated. The organization’s code of behavior should be evaluated to avoid any acts of wrongdoing committed by employees (The Ethics Audit). Â  It is necessary to include different levels of ethics audit, including regular compliance audits, cultural audit. Actually, employees should be well-trained to make ethical decisions based on the organization’s mission, vision and phil osophy (Trevino Nelson 198). Any ethically related issue should be governed by specially developed ethical policies. Thus, ethics audit could improve the organization’s policies promoting ethical behavior of employees.

US and Canadian health insurance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

US and Canadian health insurance - Essay Example Health insurance in the United States is failing patients and physicians alike.Competitive strategies have also failed their most ostensible goal--cost control.In contrast,Canada offers a model of a national health insurance plan that provides universal and comprehensive coverage,succeeds at restraining health care inflationIn this country 37 million uninsured face economic barriers to care, and the health of many suffers as a result. The "corporatization" of medical care threatens professional values with an unprecedented administrative and commercial intrusion into the daily practice of medicine.The big difference here in the US is that there are multiple insurance companies. In Canada you really only have one (one for each province) those offering extended insurance for things like private hospital rooms, vision, dental, etc.The next big difference is managed care. In regards to optometry, you can think of this as the insurance companies that only provide for well vision care cont acts and glasses. If there is a medical eye problem (i.e. a disease) they do not pay for the necessary care (generally), and those things should be billed to the major medical. They also pay much discounted fee's compared to medical, Medicare (gov't insurance for seniors) and private pay patients.Optometrists in the US also tend to directly bill the insurance companies, OD's in Canada tend to only bill their respective provincial insurance plans, veteran's affairs, or Indian affairs, while patient's not covered by the above are billed directly by paying cash. If those patients have supplemental vision insurance then they can submit a claim for reimbursement. When KHE talks about insurance discrimination he means that there are many insurance companies in the US that will not pay an optometrist for services performed that they will pay ophthalmologists for, even if the optometrist is licensed to do so in that state. There are some states that have "any willing provider" laws to prevent this, but it still occurs. However, the same thing happens in Canada: Take a look at the OHIP schedule of fee's for optometry, and then compare to that for ophthalmology. You'll find that many tests, procedures, and treatments that optometrist are licensed to perform are covered by OHIP if done by an ophthalmologist, but not an optometrist. However, it could be argued that is just as well since OHIP isn't exactly known for generous fees. In making a rational comparison of the Canadian and American health systems it is more reasonable to contrast service levels and costs of the systems rather than trading anecdotes. Canadians pay about 9% of national GDP to insure 100% of citizens in our single-payer system, compared with more than 14% of GDP to insure 85% of Americans. The Kaiser Family Foundation reports that the average compound annual growth rate in U.S. health insurance costs has been 11.6% over the past five years. It is therefore not surprising that polling by Kaiser found that 75% of Americans were worried or very worried about the amount they would need to pay for health insurance in the future and that 63% were worried or very worried about not being able to afford health-care services. There is no question that restriction of supply with sub-optimal access to services has contributed to the lower cost of health care in Canada. However, a new approach of targeting investments to reduce waiting times combined with transparent reporting of wait times is having a substantial impact on access in the Canadian system. Canadians spend about 55% of what Americans spend on health care and have longer life expectancy, and lower infant mortality rates. Many Americans have access to quality health care. All Canadians have access to similar care at a considerably lower cost. The introduction of private insurance or private-for-profit health care for medically necessary services is not the answer to

Leone Baxter and Clem Whitaker Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Leone Baxter and Clem Whitaker - Research Paper Example Leone Baxter was born November 20th, 1906 in Keslo, Washington. She was an avid reader growing up and would find a job writing for the Portland Oregonian. In her late twenties Baxter moved to Redding, California where she first entered the arena of promotions, landing a job promoting a water carnival for the Chamber of Commerce. She was successful in this position and would be promoted to the manager of the Chamber of Commerce in 1929. It was in this position that Baxter would first become involved in the political spectrum as she participated in the Central Valley Project referendum campaign. Clem Whitaker, Sr. was born May 1st, 1899. His uncle was a socialist who was very active in the American Civil Liberties Union and a friend of Upton Sinclair. He was a journalist writing for the Sacramento Bee where he became the city editor at the age of 19. In 1921, he founded the Capitol New Bureau, which provided political news to a wide variety of newspapers. His experience in these politi cal realms led him to become involved in political lobbying campaigns. His lobbying efforts would ultimately led to his involvement in the Central Valley project, where he would meet Leone Baxter and form Whitaker & Baxter, Inc. in 1933. Another prominent contributor to this organization was Clem Whitaker, Jr. ... Whitaker would never graduate, as in 1943 he ceased his education after joining the United States Army Air Corp to become a fighter pilot. After his discharge from the army in 1946 Whitaker would join his father’s firm, become a partner in the firm in 1950 and purchasing the company in 1958 ("Social Archives" web). At the time of its formation in 1933 Whitaker & Baxter Campaigns Inc. was the country’s first political management firm. While political campaigning had always been a complicated and brutal arena, it was understood that â€Å"with the changes in the 20th century media environment increased aid was needed to navigate these oftentimes-complex avenues† (Lathrop 12). This is what the company would provide. The company would go through a number of developments, but its primary activity was managing campaigns for political candidates as well as ballot measures. At other instance, the company would also manage corporate clients, contributing significantly to public relations campaigns for Pacific Gas and Electric Co., Western Pacific Railroad, and Utah Construction Company. While the company went by the broad name of Whitaker & Baxter Campaigns Inc., the organization also included under its auspices the Whitaker & Baxter Advertising Agency and the California Feature Service. The feature service built on the individuals’ newspaper experience and public relations ability as it acted as a vehicle to over three-hundred California newspapers; in these regards, it provided the papers with cartoons, articles, and editorials that advanced the company’s public relation interests. It was through innovative practices such as these that the company would come to be highly influential in the realm of public relations and campaign

Care of a Patient in the Mental Health Branch Essay

Care of a Patient in the Mental Health Branch - Essay Example The research paper â€Å"Care of a Patient in the Mental Health Branch† discusses the impact on the patient’s proper treatment and recovery process by a qualified nurse. The role of professional nursing in patient care can never be under-estimated. Nurses focus on the needs of the patient and provide individuals and their families with care and attention. The RCN defines Nursing as â€Å"the use of clinical judgment in the provision of care to enabled people to improve, maintain or recover health, to cope with health problems, and to achieve the best possible quality of life, whatever their disease or disability, until death†. The hiring and introduction of professional nurses to hospitals in the UK has had a profound and lasting impact on the health profession. The new role of the nurse as taught in colleges and universities is an expanding one and encompasses an array of new responsibilities. Where once upon a time, a nurse was content to stand by a doctor and see what he did, only speaking when spoken to and doing only as and when directed, today’s nurse has been given a role and responsibility almost equal to the doctor she is assisting on the case. Part of the enhancement of job responsibilities for professional nurses has been because of shortage of doctors or professional staff, the lack of proper interns and the general decline in health standards and patient care. Thus the expanded role of the professional nurse in the UK is making its impact felt not only on patient care but on the health profession as a whole.

La Bolsa De Valores De Colombia

La Bolsa De Valores De Colombia QUE ES UNA BOLSA DE VALORES Una bolsa de valores es un establecimiento, que puede ser pà ºblico o privado, autorizado por los gobiernos de los paà ­ses, en el cual se negocian (compran y venden) tà ­tulos valores como acciones, bonos, tà ­tulos de deuda pà ºblica etc. La negociacià ³n de los tà ­tulos la realizan personas autorizadas las cuales se denominan corredores de bolsa (|brokers en ingles). Los corredores de bolsa son intermediarios entre un vendedor y un comprador de tà ­tulos, generalmente representan a uno de à ©stos y negocian por orden de à ©ste. Por realizar esta actividad, los corredores de bolsa cobran una comisià ³n. Sà ³lo los corredores de bolsa autorizados pueden llevar a cabo las negociaciones. Existe una serie de exigencias y normas muy estrictas que los rigen tanto a ellos como a las empresas que deseen negociar sus valores en la bolsa. Lo anterior permite que los inversionistas (personas o empresas que quieran invertir dinero en tà ­tulos valores) sientan confianza y seriedad a la hora de negociar en la bolsa. Las bolsas, por lo tanto, se pueden considerar como un mercado centralizado y regulado (mercado que recibe el nombre de MERCADO BURSATIL. Este mercado le permite a las empresas financiar sus proyectos y actividades a travà ©s de la venta de tà ­tulos. Igualmente, permite a los inversionistas opciones de inversià ³n a travà ©s de la compra de los tà ­tulos. Existen bolsas de valores en muchos lugares del mundo: ciudades importantes como Nueva York, capitales de paà ­ses como es el caso de Londres o Tokio, etc. Es importante anotar que las bolsas se comunican entre sà ­. HISTORIA DE LA BOLSA DE VALORES DE COLOMBIA La Bolsa de Valores de Colombia (BVC), creada el 3 DE JULIO DEL 2001, es el à ºnico mercado de acciones y otros valores de Colombia organizado a travà ©s de la estructura de bolsa. Anteriormente operaban tres bolsas de valores independientes Bolsa de Bogotà ¡ (1928), Bolsa de Medellà ­n (1961) y Bolsa de Occidente (Cali, 1983) que se fusionaron para crear la BVC. Tiene oficinas en Bogotà ¡, Medellà ­n, Cali, Barraquilla y Pereira. El resto del mercado se organiza a travà ©s de sistemas centralizados de transaccià ³n de operaciones que no hacen parte de la Bolsa de Valores de Colombia. MISION DE LA BOLSA DE VALORES DE COLOMBIA Contribuir al crecimiento y desarrollo del mercado de capitales a travà ©s de la canalizacià ³n del ahorro hacia la inversià ³n productiva mediante la administracià ³n de mercados eficientes, transparentes, equitativos, competitivos, seguros y supervisados, en beneficio de emisores, inversionistas e intermediarios, y generar valor para sus accionistas mediante un adecuado equilibrio entre los objetivos de rentabilidad y el desarrollo de los objetivos de mediano y largo plazo. VISION DE LA BOLSA DE VALORES DE COLOMBIA En el 2015 la BVC serà ¡ el principal foro de negociacià ³n de activos financieros en el paà ­s, administrando un 55% del total transado en el mercado nacional. Para lograrlo, la organizacià ³n crearà ¡ valor para sus accionistas, trabajarà ¡ en conjunto con intermediarios y reguladores, ejecutarà ¡ procesos confiables orientados estratà ©gicamente hacia los resultados e incorporarà ¡ el mejor capital humano y tecnolà ³gico disponible. VALORES DE LA BOLSA DE COLOMBIA ïÆ' ¼ Excelencia o aquello que hacemos y cuando lo hacemos proactivamente bien. ïÆ' ¼ Liderazgo o el deber para crear un mejor futuro. ïÆ' ¼ Innovacià ³n o la imaginacià ³n y la creacià ³n. ïÆ' ¼ Orientacià ³n al mercado o el compromiso total con los clientes. ïÆ' ¼ Trabajo en equipo o la cooperacià ³n y el genio colectivo. ïÆ' ¼ Pasià ³n o la entrega de corazà ³n y razà ³n. ïÆ' ¼ Competitividad o en lo que participamos, ganamos. PRESENCIA INTERNACIONAL Contexto internacional Consciente de la responsabilidad como administradora de sistemas transaccionales a travà ©s de los cuales el mercado de activos financieros en Colombia realiza sus operaciones, la BVC mantiene un contacto permanente con las diferentes bolsas del mundo y organismos internacionales. El objetivo de su gestià ³n internacional es conocer y adelantar gestiones encaminadas a elevar la calidad de sus servicios y homologar sus actividades a està ¡ndares internacionales a travà ©s de instrumentos y mecanismos de negociacià ³n que tiendan a generar nuevas alternativas de inversià ³n y financiacià ³n en un escenario de seguridad y transparencia para todos los actores que en ella intervienen. A continuacià ³n, la BVC presenta un resumen sobre la actividad que adelanta con el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, BID, su vinculacià ³n y beneficios para Colombia al ser miembro de la Word Federation of Exchange, WFE y, finalmente como parte de la Federacià ³n Iberoamericana de Bolsas, FIAB. La presencia internacional de la BVC ante los organismos internacionales anteriormente citados, responde a la iniciativa de la BVC de integrar el mercado de valores colombiano para ofrecer nuevas alternativas de inversià ³n y financiacià ³n a los empresarios, inversionistas e intermediarios. Banco Interamericano de desarrollo BIP En abril de 2002 el Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo, BID, como administrador del Fondo Multilateral de Inversiones, Fomin, y la Bolsa de Valores de Colombia, BVC, firmaron un convenio de cooperacià ³n tà ©cnica no reembolsable para fortalecer el mercado de capitales nacional mediante el desarrollo de los siguientes proyectos. Bolsa de futuros y opciones Sus objetivos son la estructuracià ³n, diseà ±o operativo, adquisicià ³n de la plataforma tecnolà ³gica y puesta en marcha de una Bolsa de Instrumentos Derivados. En principio, esta bolsa operarà ¡ sobre contratos de divisas y tasas de interà ©s en pesos. Mà ¡s adelante, podrà ¡n transarse instrumentos sobre opciones y contratos basados en à ­ndices bursà ¡tiles y otros instrumentos de cobertura. à ¼ Cà ¡mara de compensacià ³n riesgo central de contraparte La Bolsa se apoya en servicios de consultorà ­a experta en el tema de buenas prà ¡cticas de gobierno corporativo, con el fin de evaluar, desear e implementar mejores prà ¡cticas en los emisores de valores en Colombia. Con base en los resultados de la evaluacià ³n, la BVC hoy realiza un programa de divulgacià ³n que permite promover los resultados del proyecto y redunde en mayor confianza de los inversionistas hacia los tà ­tulos emitidos por compaà ±Ãƒ ­as con dichas prà ¡cticas. à ¼ World Federation of Exchanges, WFE La Bolsa de Valores de Colombia, BVC, desde octubre de 2003 hace parte de la Word Federation Exchange, organismo internacional que agrupa a las 56 Bolsas y mercados mà ¡s grandes del mundo, para ser miembro de la WFE, la BVC cumplià ³ con requisitos propios de la industria financiera en el mundo, que aseguran una operacià ³n y funcionamiento acorde con està ¡ndares internacionales. à ¼ Beneficios para la BVC al ser miembro de la WFE à ¼ El reconocimiento internacional que le permite a la BVC interactuar con las principales bolsas de mundo. à ¼ Posibilidad de acceder a foros de intercambio de conocimientos y experiencias de otras bolsas de valores à ¼ Participacià ³n en eventos, seminarios y congresos mundiales de interà ©s para el mercado, asà ­ como acceder a los resultados o conclusiones que se generan en los mismos. à ¼ Afianzar los và ­nculos profesionales y comerciales con las Bolsas mà ¡s importantes del mundo ïÆ' ¼ A las Sociedades Comisionistas de Bolsa les beneficia en la medida que el mercado colombiano alcanza està ¡ndares internacionales y logra un reconocimiento global.  ¿Quà © es la World Federation of Exchanges? ïÆ' ¼ La World Federation of Exchanges (WFE) es la organizacià ³n comercial para las seguridades y los mercados derivados regulados, instituciones del establecimiento y cà ¡maras de compensacià ³n relacionadas, y sus diversos servicios a los mercados de capitales. ïÆ' ¼ La federacià ³n es una organizacià ³n internacional privada que abarca a los operadores mà ¡s importantes del mundo y con los niveles mà ¡s altos de la calidad de mercado. La organizacià ³n proporciona un foro para la comunicacià ³n, el anà ¡lisis y la discusià ³n entre sus miembros ïÆ' ¼ Asà ­ mismo, compartir la experiencia y el conocimiento del negocio entre los miembros de la WFE es un factor crà ­tico para el desarrollo de la industria, aà ºn mà ¡s cuando los operadores de mercado financiero ofrecen servicios en un ambiente cada vez mà ¡s competitivo. ïÆ' ¼ Su propà ³sito es facilitar la representacià ³n, el desarrollo de mercados organizados y regulados, y resolver las necesidades de los mercados de capitales para ofrecer un mejor servicio a sus usuarios. La calidad de miembro de la federacià ³n es un criterio para que reguladores e instituciones nacionales de la gerencia de activos financieros permitan el acceso privilegiado para la inversià ³n INDICES BURSATILES 1. GINI Este à ­ndice nos permite conocer el nivel de concentracià ³n de la propiedad accionaria entre sus beneficiarios reales. Cuando se habla de concentracià ³n de la propiedad accionaria se dice que la mayor parte de las acciones en circulacià ³n de una organizacià ³n esta en manos de unos pocos accionistas. Este indicador busca llegar a la propiedad accionaria de las personas naturales como objetivo mismo del indicador, basado en que las personas naturales puedan ser propietarias en forma directa o indirecta a travà ©s de otras compaà ±Ãƒ ­as. Cuando la propiedad de las empresas estas distribuida igualitariamente entre todo los accionistas, es decir, cuando hay total desconcentracià ³n, el resultado del GINI es cero y, por el contrario. Cuando la desigualdad o concentracià ³n de la propiedad es total, el indicador es uno. Su interpretacià ³n es bueno complementarla con la participacià ³n de la empresa en el sector respectivo. 2. à ndice de bursatilidad Accionaria (IBA) Mide la caracterà ­stica de una accià ³n basada en la facilidad para comprarla u ofrecerla en el mercado secundario. De acuerdo con la liquidez de la accià ³n y su negociabilidad se clasifica en alta, media, baja, minima y ninguna bursatilidad en una escala de 0 a 10. El calculo se basa en cuatro relaciones bà ¡sicas: el valor transado promedio por rueda, el numero de acciones transadas sobre el numero el numero de acciones en circulacià ³n, el numero de operaciones realizadas sobre el numero de ruedas realizadas y el numero de ruedas en que cotiza sobre el numero de ruedas realizadas. 3. à ndice de precios de la Bolsa de Bogota Es un indicador de la evolucià ³n de los precios de las acciones mas representativas que se transan en las Bolsas de Bogota. Su variacià ³n indica la tendencia al alza o a la baja de los precios de las acciones. Su objetivo como indicador no difiere de los utilizados a nivel internacional, sin embargo, diferente de estos por la forma de su cà ¡lculo al basarse en una canasta de acciones variable. (Guzmà ¡n V. Alexander, Pinilla S. Roberto Valero R. Luis, 2000, pp. 71-72). Esta canasta esta conformada por las vite acciones de mayor frecuencia de transaccià ³n en el mercado durante los à ºltimos dos aà ±os o 48 quincenas anteriores a la quincena correspondiente a la fecha del calculo. Su fecha base de calculo es el dà ­a dos de enero de 1991. Para su cà ¡lculo se multiplica el à ºltimo precio de cada accià ³n por un peso de ponderacià ³n. La sumatoria de estos veinte productos constituye el valor del à ­ndice del dà ­a. La ponderacià ³n es necesaria para minimizar la diferencia entre el precio real de una accià ³n y su valor calculado a partir del à ­ndice. Es importante advertir que todas las acciones tienen un valor nominal y mercados diferentes, que en algunos casos difieren en gran proporcià ³n. La ponderacià ³n tambià ©n es necesaria para que la participacià ³n de cada accià ³n dentro del à ­ndice guarde cierta proporcionalidad con su importancia en el mercado. La ponderacià ³n se basa en la cantidad de acciones negociadas de cada empresa en los à ºltimos tres meses. Este modelo se basa en ajustes quincenales de los pesos de ponderacià ³n y se cuenta con mecanismos matemà ¡ticos de ajuste para disminuir cambios bruscos en los pesos de ponderacià ³n de las acciones. El objetivo de estos ajustes busca que los cambios en el indicador obedezcan en mayor parte a cambios en los precios en las acciones. El modelo tiene en cuenta los cambios en el valor nominal de las acciones (Split) y la adicià ³n o retiro de compaà ±Ãƒ ­as. Para este caso se debe reprocesar la informacià ³n histà ³rica de tal suerte que siempre sea comparable. No incluye en su cà ¡lculo correcciones por aumento de acciones en circulacià ³n. Su presentacià ³n en el mercado se hace diariamente junto con la grafica del comportamiento de los à ºltimos dos meses y de las à ºltimas cincuenta semanas. Su cà ¡lculo se efectà ºa para tres sectores tres subsectores de actividad econà ³mica. (Pinilla S. Roberto â€Å"y otros†, 2000, pp. 73-74). TIPOS DE à NDICES BURSà TILES: 1. Capitalizacià ³n Bursà ¡til: Pretende reflejar el comportamiento en los precios de las acciones del à ­ndice, ponderando cada especie dentro de este de acuerdo con el tamaà ±o de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a en tà ©rminos de capitalizacià ³n bursà ¡til: Capitalizacià ³n Bursà ¡til: Corresponde al valor total del patrimonio de una empresa, segà ºn el precio al que se cotizan sus acciones. Capitalizacià ³n Ajustada: Proporcià ³n de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a, diferente de lo que se encuentra en manos de inversionistas con interà ©s de control (Flotante). 2. Liquidez o Rentabilidad: El objetivo de este tipo de herramientas es representar el comportamiento en los precios de las acciones de un à ­ndice, dà ¡ndole un peso a cada especie de acuerdo a sus niveles de liquidez. 3. Precios: Los à ndices de precios radican su metodologà ­a de cà ¡lculo en la sumatoria aritmà ©tica de los precios de las acciones que componen la canasta. Estos à ­ndices no son tan comunes y su funcià ³n es particularmente las mismas descritas en los casos anteriores. BVC, à ndices Bursà ¡tiles. Extraà ­do el 17 de noviembre de 2009 desde http://www.bvc.com.co/pps/tibco/portalbvc/Home/Mercados/descripciongeneral/indicesbursatiles INDICE ACCIONARIO IGBC El à ­ndice General de la Bolsa de Colombia mide de manera agregada la variacià ³n de los precios de las acciones mà ¡s representativas del mercado. El objetivo principal es representar las variaciones del conjunto de acciones mà ¡s transadas de una manera fiel, de tal forma que cumpla el requisito de replicabilidad, es decir que a partir del mismo se pueda conformar un portafolio con las acciones del à ­ndice, base fundamental para la construccià ³n de productos derivados. El à ­ndice general se calcularà ¡ en cada instante de las negociaciones, y el valor definitivo del dà ­a serà ¡ calculado 30 minutos despuà ©s del cierre del mercado. Asobancaria, Extraà ­do el 18 de Noviembre de 2009 desde http://www.asobancaria.com/glosario.jsp?accion=2id=28 INDICE ACCIONARIO DE CAPITALIZACION BURSATIL (COLCAP) COLCAP es un indicador que refleja las variaciones de los precios de las 20 acciones mas liquidas de la (BVC), donde el valor de Capitalizacià ³n Bursà ¡til ajustada de cada compaà ±Ãƒ ­a determina su nivel de ponderacià ³n1. I k (t )= E Wi Pi (t ) i Capitalizacion Ajustada: Se determina como el porcentaje de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a que no se encuentra en poder de accionistas con situacià ³n de control dentro de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a. Una compaà ±Ãƒ ­a entre mayor capitalizacià ³n ajustada tenga, mayor serà ¡ su participacià ³n en el à ­ndice. Siendo la mà ¡xima participacià ³n el 20%. INDICE ACCIONARIO DE LIQUIDEZ (COL20) COL20 es un indicador de rentabilidad o de liquidez que refleja las variaciones de los precios de las 20 acciones mas liquidas de la (BVC), donde el nivel de liquidez de cada compaà ±Ãƒ ­a determina su ponderacià ³n. BVC, Extraà ­do el 17 de noviembre de 2009 desde http://www.bvc.com.co/pps/tibco/portalbvc/Home/Mercados/descripciongeneral/indicesbursatiles?com.tibco.ps.pagesvc.action_Edicion.pdf Tabla 1 IGBC COL20 COLCAP TIPO DE INDICE Liquidez Liquidez Capitalizacià ³n Bursà ¡til SELECCIÓN CANASTA Liquidez: Variables Definidas Liquidez : A travà ©s de una Funcià ³n de Liquidez PONDERADOR Nà ºmero de acciones transadas Nivel de liquidez Nà ºmero de acciones determinadas en el à ºltimo aà ±o como Capitalizacià ³n Ajustada NO DE ACCIONES Variable 20 20 ACCIONES POR EMISOR Segà ºn el numero de especies seleccionadas Un solo emisor agregado Un solo emisor agregado PARTICIPACION No hay limite 20% 20% MAXIMA POR EMISOR REBALANCEO Trimestral Trimestral Trimestral Tomada de BVC elaborada por el autor LA BOLSA DE TOKIO . Es la segunda bolsa de valores mà ¡s grande del mundo y està ¡ destinada a la negociacià ³n en exclusiva de las acciones y valores convertibles o que otorguen derecho de adquisicià ³n o suscripcià ³n. Los principales à ­ndices de la Bolsa de Tokio son el Nikkei 225, à ­ndice de compaà ±Ãƒ ­as elegidas por el Nihon Keizai Shimbun (el perià ³dico de negocios mà ¡s grande de Japà ³n), el TOPIX y el J30 (à ­ndice de grandes compaà ±Ãƒ ­as industriales). El sistema de negociacià ³n utilizado se denomina CORES (Computer assited Order Routing and Execution System). * 15 de mayo de 1878 La Bolsa de Tokio es fundada. * 1 de junio de 1878 Comienza el comercio. * 30 de junio de 1943 11 bolsas en todas partes de Japà ³n (Incluyendo al TSE) fueron unificadas en una corporacià ³n casi-pà ºblica al servicio de los intereses industriales y militares del imperio. * 10 de agosto de 1945 El empeoramiento de las condiciones de guerra y los ataques aà ©reos a la isla principal de Japà ³n, forzaron al mercado de valores a suspender sus sesiones de comercio sobre todos los mercados de valores. * Segunda Guerra Mundial Despuà ©s de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, en marzo de 1947, se promulgà ³ la Ley de Valores y Mercados japonesa que es el marco regulador actual. * 16 de mayo de 1949 Se reinician las sesiones comerciales tras la guerra, bajo el patrà ³n regulador adoptado en 1947 por la Bolsa de Tokio. * 1971 La bolsa de Tokio adoptà ³ el sistema de anotaciones en cuenta para acciones. * 1973 Se determina la seccià ³n de accià ³n extranjera. * 1982 Introduccià ³n del sistema CORES (Computer assited Order Routing and Execution System), con lo que comenzà ³ la transformacià ³n del mercado de corros en el mercado informà ¡tico que conocemos hoy, uniendo los cinco mercados japoneses en un moderno mercado continuo. Formas de negociacià ³n: Fijacià ³n del precio La Bolsa de Tokio, como cualquier otro mercado de valores del mundo, tiene como cometido poner en contacto oferta y demanda con el fin de establecer precios competitivos. Y para alcanzar este objetivo las diferentes bolsas recurren a distintos mecanismos y formas de negociacià ³n. En la TSE, podemos distinguir tres â€Å"reglas de juego† diferentes, de acuerdo al momento y las condiciones que se està ©n dando. Estas tres formas son: Itayose, Zabara y las subastas. * Itayose: Este sistema su utiliza para fijar precios de apertura y cierre de cada una de las dos sesiones diarias y para fijar el nuevo precio inicial tras una parada de negociacià ³n (trading hault). El à ºltimo caso en que se usa es para fijar un precio tras una cotizacià ³n especial (special quote).Bajo este sistema todas las à ³rdenes que se introducen en el libro registro de anotaciones se tratan como simultà ¡neas, es decir que se suprime la prioridad de tiempo. Como se calcula este precio de equilibrio, es algo que viene determinado por el volumen agregado de à ³rdenes de compra y venta que existen. De hecho, el precio que resulta de una negociacià ³n con el mà ©todo Itayose serà ¡ aquel que equilibre en mayor medida oferta y demanda, ejecutando las à ³rdenes de compra/venta con precios superiores/inferiores al de equilibrio. * Zaraba: Es el mà ©todo de fijacià ³n de precios que se usa en la negociacià ³n continua de la sesiones. Es la ejecucià ³n habitual de las à ³rdenes de oferta y demanda tras la fijacià ³n del precio inicial.A medida que nuevas à ³rdenes llegan al libro registro, estas se agregan a las ya existentes y se ejecutan si procede, o se almacenan en espera de ser ejecutadas. * Subastas (ToSTNeT-1 y ToSTNeT-2): Estos dos mecanismos fueron introducidos en 1997 y 1998 respectivamente y son bà ¡sicamente sistemas electrà ³nicos de negociacià ³n en subastas y tienen como fin facilitar el comercio de grandes volà ºmenes de acciones. Este tipo de negociacià ³n esta restringida a las acciones domà ©sticas. Para estas negociaciones existen tres sesiones diarias: 8:20-9:00AM, 11:00-12:00PM y de 15:00-16:30PM. Liquidacià ³n y compensacià ³n Las tareas de compensacià ³n y liquidacià ³n resultantes de las operaciones de mercado, son llevadas a acabo por dos empresas independientes. La compensacià ³n, es decir, el balanceo individual de cada agente que determina la cantidad de acciones que al final de la jornada compra, vende y guarda, lo realiza la corporacià ³n JSCC o Japan Securities Clearing Corporation. Esta empresa es comà ºn a las seis bolsas niponas, ya que las seis està ¡n interconectadas. Por lo tanto, su trabajo es determinar los saldos y movimiento de acciones entre las diferentes partes y agentes y transmitir esa informacià ³n a los liquidadores. La liquidacià ³n es el traspaso efectivo, el cambio de manos, de unos individuos, (vendedores) hacia otros (los compradores). Las funciones propias de la liquidacià ³n son llevadas a cabo por la empresa JASDEC o Japan Securities Depository Center. Inc. Y estas funciones son: * Custodiar los saldos de acciones de los agentes participantes, y ejecutar las transferencias de unos a otros de acuerdo a las anotaciones en cuenta y a la informacià ³n que le suministra l JSCC. * Otorga los permisos para la posesià ³n directa de acciones. * Eliminar los riegos de comportamiento oportunista inherentes al intercambio. * Asegurar el crà ©dito de los participantes. Establecer garantà ­as en caso de incumplimiento o impago. Paternoster Square. LSE ocupa el edificio de la derecha. LA BOLSA DE LONDRES (London Stock Exchange-LSE) es la bolsa de valores localizada en Londres, Inglaterra. Fue fundada en 1801, y actualmente es una de las bolsas de acciones mà ¡s grandes del mundo. Muchos de sus valores son internacionales pero cuenta tambià ©n con numerosos valores de compaà ±Ãƒ ­as brità ¡nicas. Sus actuales instalaciones està ¡n situadas en Paternoster Square, cerca de la catedral de San Pablo, en la ciudad de Londres. Origen del comercio de valores El comercio de valores comenzà ³ para financiar dos viajes: el intento de la Compaà ±Ãƒ ­a de Moscovia de llegar a China cruzando el Mar Blanco al norte de Rusia, y el viaje de la Compaà ±Ãƒ ­a Brità ¡nica de las Indias Orientales a la India. Al no ser capaces de financiar tan costosos viajes con su propio capital, las compaà ±Ãƒ ­as recaudaron dinero vendiendo parte de sus valores a mercaderes, concedià ©ndoles a cambio una parte de los beneficios de la compaà ±Ãƒ ­a. La idea pronto tomà ³ fuerza y se calcula que para 1695 habà ­a mà ¡s de 140 empresas que comerciaban con sus propias valores. El comercio de valores se concentrà ³ principalmente en una zona de Londres llamada Exchange alley o Change alley, que era un pequeà ±o callejà ³n de una zona residencial de Londres. Dicha zona concentraba numerosos cofee shops, y principalmente en dos de ellos se centrà ³ el comercio de acciones: el Jonathans y el Garraways. El broker John Castaing publicaba una lista del precio de los valores a la que llamaron El curso del intercambio y otras cosas en dichos cofee-shops. Licencias para los brokers Algunos brokers, usando informacià ³n confidencial que no estaba al alcance del pà ºblico, realizaban prà ¡cticas poco à ©ticas. Para evitar este tipo de sucesos, en 1967 se creà ³ una ley que obligaba a todos los brokers a adquirir una licencia y a jurar un pacto en el que indicaban que serà ­an justos y legales en la compra-venta de valores. El South Sea Blue El Change Alley prosperà ³ durante varios aà ±os, aunque esto cambio cuando sufrià ³ un revà ©s en el aà ±o 1720. Habà ­a una empresa llamada el South Sea Blue, que habà ­a sido creada entre el Gobierno y John Blunt. Dicha empresa habà ­a causado una gran excitacià ³n entre los brokers. La empresa llevaba nueve aà ±os no siendo rentable, y el Gobierno quiso vender valores para poder hacer frente a la deuda acumulada. Los valores salieron a subasta a 128 £, pero rà ¡pidamente alcanzaron el valor de 1050 £ en apenas 6 meses. La burbuja inevitablemente explotà ³, haciendo caer los valores a 124 £. El suceso creo un clamor popular, lo que obligà ³ al gobierno a modificar la legislacià ³n para prevenir futuras burbujas como à ©sta. El mercado de valores tardà ³ mucho tiempo en recuperarse de este evento. Threadneedle Street y Capel Court El cofee-shop Jonathans se quemà ³ en 1748, y si aà ±adimos el creciente hacinamiento en la zona del Change Alley, provocà ³ que los brokers construyeran un nuevo Jonathans en la calle Threadneedle Street, y empezaron a cobrar por la entrada. El edificio rà ¡pidamente cambio su nombre por Bolsa de valores, y en 1801 volvià ³ a cambiar su nombre a Habitacià ³n de subscripcià ³n de valores tras entrar en vigor la nueva legislacià ³n. Aun y todo esto no parecà ­a suficiente, por lo que se trasladaron al recià ©n construido Capel Court. La bolsa se recuperà ³ cerca del aà ±o 1820, con el crecimiento de las industrias del ferrocarril, minerà ­a, canales y seguros. Rà ¡pidamente empezaron a crearse otras bolsas a lo largo del reino unido, y se aà ±adià ³ el comercio de bonos a la de los valores. Lema Su lema fue creado en 1923. En latà ­n es Dictum meum pactum, que se puede traducir como â€Å"Mi palabra es mi pacto†,[1] haciendo referencia a que habà ­a que cumplir con lo que cada uno habà ­a dicho BOLSA DE VALORES DE NEW YORK La Bolsa de Valores o Bolsa es una organizacià ³n financiera donde las mercancà ­as de las compaà ±Ãƒ ­as y otros valores son negociados. Los valores negociados enla bolsa incluyen acciones emitidas por las compaà ±Ãƒ ­as, unidades de consorcios y bonos o certificados de inversià ³n. En el foro de la Roma antigua ya existà ­a una prà ¡ctica similar al mercado bursà ¡til. Hasta 1487, el comercio a travà ©s de documentos se realizaba en exteriores, en las calles y aceras. Entonces, en la ciudad de Brujas, actualmente Bà ©lgica, la casa de Van Der Bursen comenzà ³ a utilizarse como locacià ³n diseà ±ada para la negociacià ³n de mercancà ­as. La Dutch East India Company fue la primera compaà ±Ãƒ ­a que emitià ³ acciones y bonos en 1602 en la bolsa de cambio de Amsterdam. La bolsa de cambio de Londres se establecià ³ en la ciudad en 1690. Los mercados bursà ¡tiles de Parà ­s y Nueva York no se crearon hasta el siglo XVIII. El celebrado Wall Street, en Manhattan, abrigà ³ el centro de operaciones de la Bolsa de Valores de Nueva York en 1792. La Bolsa de Valores de Nueva York (New York Stock Exchange, NYSE) junto a NASDAQ (North American Securities Dealers Automated Quotations) y AMEX (American Exchange) son probablemente los à ­ndices de intercambio mercantil mà ¡s importantes del mundo. La crisis mà ¡s importante del mundo capitalista ocurrià ³ el 29 de Octubre de 1929. La Bolsa de Valores de Nueva York tenà ­a 13 millones de acciones para vender pero solo un pequeà ±o grupo de compradores. Consecuentemente, los precios de las acciones cayeron generando un caos catastrà ³fico enla bolsa de Nueva York. Miles de bancos, industrias y compaà ±Ãƒ ­as rurales se fueron a la bancarrota y al menos 12 millones de norteamericanos quedaron sin empleo. Tratando de enfrentar la crisis, los Estados Unidos redujeron fuertemente las compras en el extranjero y suspendieron todos los prà ©stamos internacionales, extendiendo la crisis por todo el mundo. En los à ºltimos 50 aà ±os, sin embargo, las grandes corporaciones han dominado la economà ­a americana y han asumido dimensiones globales (GMC, Coca-Cola, General Electric, Ford, Exxon, IBM, Microsoft, ATT, etc.) Debido a la competencia y para complacer a la gente comà ºn, las corporaciones han creado la posibilidad de que cualquier americano pueda comprar acciones. En la actualidad, mà ¡s del 60% de las familias americanas reservan una parte sustancial de sus ahorros para invertirlos en mercancà ­as y acciones. La Bolsa de Nueva York (New York Stock Exchange, NYSE, en inglà ©s) es el mayor mercado de valores del mundo en volumen monetario y el primero en nà ºmero de empresas adscritas. Su masa en acciones fue superada por la del NASDAQ [1] durante los aà ±os 90, pero el capital de las compaà ±Ãƒ ­as listadas en la NYSE es cinco veces mayor que en el NASDAQ. La Bolsa de Nueva York cuenta con un volumen anual de transacciones de 21 billones de dà ³lares, incluyendo los 7,1 billones de compaà ±Ãƒ ­as no estadounidenses. Sus antecedentes se remontan a 1792, cuando 24 comerciantes y corredores de Nueva York firmaron el acuerdo conocido como Buttonwood Agreement, en el cual se establecà ­an reglas para comerciar con acciones. Fue creada en 1817, cuando un grupo de corredores de bolsa se organizaron formando un comità © llamado New York Stock and Exchange Board (NYSEB) con la finalidad de poder controlar el flujo de acciones que en aquellos tiempos se negociaban libremente y principalmente en la acera de Wall Street. En 1863 cambià ³ de nombre por el de New York Stock Exchange (NYSE), nombre que conserva hasta nuestros dà ­as, y se establece en Wall Street esquina con Broad Street dos aà ±os despuà ©s. En 1918, despuà ©s de la Primera Guerra Mundial, se convierte en la principal casa de bolsa del mundo, dejando atrà ¡s a la de Londres. El jueves 24 de octubre de 1929, llamado a partir de entonces el Jueves Negro, se produjo una de las mà ¡s grandes caà ­das en esta bolsa, que producirà ­a la recesià ³n econà ³mica mà ¡s importante de los Estados Unidos en el siglo XX, la Gran Depresià ³n. Actualmente es administrada por el NYSE Group, que fue formado con la fusià ³n de NYSE y Archipielago Holdings, una bolsa de valores electrà ³nica. NYSE Group cotiza actualmente en su propia bolsa de valores. En 2007 formà ³ junto a la bolsa europea Euronext: NYSE Euronext. SISTEMA FINANCIERO COLOMBIANO Composicià ³n Se Compone principalmente de instituciones financieras (bancos, corporaciones financieras) y las entidades de control (Superintendencia Bancaria) en funcià ³n de la captacià ³n de recursos (el ahorro) del publico. Tambià ©n se puede decir que hace parte del sistema, la financiacià ³n que se otorga a los emisores de valores a trabes del mercado publico de valores colombiano. Por lo tanto se reconoce la participacià ³n de los comisionistas de bolsa y la superintendencia de valores. 1. Marco Regulatorio La constitucià ³n polà ­tica faculta al congreso de la Republica, para que este expida leyes de carà ¡cter general en las cuales se indiquen los objetivos y criterios a los cuales debe sujetarse el gobierno al momento de expedir las normas que regulan las actividades financieras y bursà ¡tiles. La superintendencia Bancaria y la superintendencia de valores entidades que pertenecen a la rama ejecutiva del poder publico pero con facultades reguladoras en virtud del fenà ³meno de â€Å"deslegalizacion†, contante expide circulares y resoluciones que regulan el detalle de la actividad financiera. El Banco de la Republica como autoridad monetaria y cambiaria por expresa disposicià ³n expide las normas referentes al encaje de las tasas de interà ©s y de igual forma las normas cambiarias. La primera por obligacià ³n aplicable a los establecimientos de crà ©dito con relacià ³n a la restriccià ³n de circulante y la segunda en desarrollo de su labor de intermediario del mercado cambiario. Sistema financiero en le cual en el cual hacen parte varias instituciones financieras, com

Li and Change :: Confucianism Essays

Li and Change ABSTRACT: In this paper I ask the question of how change is effected in the li practices of a fundamentally conservative society. I begin with a description of how li functions in society ideally and actually, arguing that they play a crucial role in society as the medium through which the Confucian objectives (the perfection of the self, the establishment of order within one’s family, and the restoration and preservation of social order) are realized. The character of li suggests that li practices be evaluated in terms of their efficacy in realizing the Confucian objectives, for which participation in li is both necessary and sufficient. Yet, these objectives transcend li practices, allowing individuals to evaluate li practices in terms of their efficacy in realizing Confucian objectives in the face of changing concerns and circumstances, and thereby affect the relevant changes in li practices. It is an adequate understanding of what the Confucian objectives entail and the st ructure of the situations one finds oneself in that inform evaluation of existing li practices. However, changes in li practices take place vis-a-vis a conservative attitude towards inherited social conventions, and it is this conservative attitude that provides stability and continuity despite flux. Changes in li practices are therefore gradual, and do not disrupt social order. 1. Introduction This essay is an attempt to understand the concept of li (commonly translated by commentators as "rituals", "rites", "customs", or "conventions") — as elucidated in the Analects — within the context of social change. Particular attention will be paid to how the Confucian understands li practices to function in a society, and how changes in li practices are effected. Thus, in what follows, I shall take seriously the notion of Confucianism as a practicable way of life. I take the concept of li (as it occurs in the Analects) to refer to the social conventions governing various aspects of human conduct (Analects, 1.12, 2.3, 2.5, 3.19, 4.13, 11.26, 12.1). As I understand it, li functions primarily as a social regulator in the realisation of the Confucian objectives — namely, the perfection of the self, the establishment of order within one’s family (which the Confucian understood as the basic unit of a society), and the restoration and preservation of social order. Each li practice consists of a set of actions, with detailed descriptions regarding one’s attire, stance, and expressions (Book 10). Participation in li involves the skilful execution of the set of actions demanded by each li practice, accompanied by the appropriate dispositions and attitudes.

Stand and Deliver Character Analysis

â€Å"Stand and Deliver† character analysis The characters in â€Å"Stand and Deliver† went through a great deal in this movie and all brought something else to the movie. The star of the movie is Jaime Escalante played by Edward James Olmos. Escalante is the teacher of the students that quits his job with a computer company to teach at Garfield High School. He comes to teach computer science, but the school did not get the computers and he has to teach math. He takes over the math class and expects a great deal of his students and challenges the faculty to allow him to teach Mr. Escalante encounters some opposition to teaching calculus from Mr.Molina, the principal and Raquel Ortega, a teacher. Mr. Molina is the principal of Garfield High School played by Carmen Argenziano. Mr. Molina laughs at Mr. Escalante’s idea of teaching calculus, but he supports him when the program gets under way. Raquel Ortega, played by Virginia Paris, is not as helpful as Mr. Molina and she doubts the abilities of the students many di fferent times throughout the movie. The students in the movie are very important and there are many that are central to the movie. Angel Guzman, played by Lou Diamond Phillips, is the tough guy of the school that chooses to cut class with his fellow gang members.Mr. Escalante reaches out to him and through the movie we see his transition into one of the brighter students while maintaining his gangster image. Ana Delgado, played by Vanessa Marquez, is the quiet girl that happens to be brilliant. She is almost forced to drop out of school so she can work at her family’s restaurant full time, but Mr. Escalante intervenes and convinces her father to allow her to come back to school. Pancho, played by Will Gotay, is the least smart student in the class and lets everyone know it. He considers not taking the calculus class to instead work at a factory and make money, but again Mr.Escalante convinces him to take the class and he passes the AP exam along with all the others. Lupe Esco bar, played by Ingrid Oliu, deals with a great deal of responsibility at home and we see that she is responsible for getting her little brothers and sisters to bed and preparing her father’s lunch. The other important characters in the movie are the agents from the ETS (Educational Testing Service). Dr. Ramirez, played by Andy Garcia, and Dr. Pearson, played by Rif Hutton, are sent to Garfield to investigate the possibility of Mr. Escalante’s students cheating.The ETS suspects the students cheated because of irregularities in the test, which they say many times in the movie, but they still come off as bad guys and Mr. Escalante even threatens Dr. Ramirez. Economic Culture The economic culture of these students was displayed throughout the movie to show that they came from poor families and neighborhoods. When people were trying to sell their goods on the street, such as bags of apples and having a taco stand, it was a symbol of a way of life and how people tried to sur vive. It was a traditional ritual for vendors to fill the streets in order to make money.Another symbol of their poor economic culture was stealing, such as when Mr. Escalante came out to his car and found his stereo gone. While outsiders may view the students as thieves, they personally saw it as a way of life, and doing whatever was necessary to get money. The culture of the work was displayed in the students as they had to help their families in restaurants, fix cars, and tend to the needs of children. Ana had to help with her family’s restaurant. Mr. Escalante visited the restaurant to talk with Ana’s father. Unfortunately, her father did not take into consideration that Ana could excel in life with a college education.The father thought that since everyone else was working in the restaurant, Ana would be fine working there too. She decided to drop out, but ended up rejoining the class. One of the students, Pancho, was skilled in auto mechanics. His uncle offered h im a job on the weekends operating a forklift that would have paid time and a half. This would have been a good money maker for him and his family, and making money was a big deal in the culture of these families. Since this conflicted with the class meeting time on Saturday, he thought about dropping out of the class. Mr. Escalante showed Pancho how he could go beyond merely fixing cars.One of the ways this was done was through showing Pancho technology that designed cars. Mr. Escalante told him that he could go to college and make more money designing cars. Mr. Escalante also took Pancho on an eye-opening drive. When Pancho had to make a decision about which way to go, he yelled â€Å"go right, go right†. Mr. Escalante continued straight and replied â€Å"all you see is the turn; you don’t see the road ahead†. When Jaime Escalante first agreed to teach at the school, he was expecting to teach computer science. He arrived on the first day of school to find that there were no computers in the school due to lack of funding.Since he could not teach that class, he ended up teaching math. Mr. Escalante himself had a struggle with the economical culture within his family. He chose to teach, which was a low paying job in that neighborhood. He could have found a better job which paid more, but he chose to teach these students because he believed in them. Political Culture As in every school system, there is a political structure among the staff. Jaime Escalante had to go through higher authorities to get permission to teach calculus, have additional meeting times for the class, and encourage the students to take the exam.They reluctantly gave him permission, although no one believed that he would be able to teach these students. The political culture gave higher ranked officials in the school the power. When Jaime brought up the thought of teaching calculus, he was laughed at. When the idea was finally considered, the department chair was upset t hat her objections were not listened to, and she left. She had mentioned that the students could not handle being taught calculus, and she said that what little self confidence they had would be shattered.Jaime Escalante wanted to challenge the political culture of the school to change the way things had been handled historically. The authorities in the school’s political structure had been worried about their students’ low test scores, but Mr. Escalante was the one who took action towards that. The graffiti on the side of a building that said â€Å"we are not a minority† was a symbol of their struggle in life and how they are viewed as outsiders. The students in the movie were oppressed, and ended up being motivated to fight it.As Paulo Freire mentions in Pedagogy of the Oppressed, â€Å"they [oppressed] will not gain this liberation by chance but through the praxis of their quest for it, through their recognition of the necessity to fight for it† (45). They wanted to show that they were just as capable of achieving goals as people of other ethnicities. Through taking the AP calculus test, they were able to do just that. Social Culture There are instances of social culture throughout â€Å"Stand and Deliver. † We see cultural symbols like the language used by the characters and the environment.The cultural rituals are shown in the characters homes and at school. The cultural ideology is seen in the attitudes of the students and the attitudes of the faculty. The social solidarity exists between the students and Mr. Escalante. â€Å"Stand and Deliver† takes place in East Los Angeles and there is a great deal of cultural symbols within the community. East Los Angeles is a Hispanic community and we see that in the movie because there are many instances of Spanish speaking by characters throughout the movie. Mr. Escalante’s first day in class shows that he has five or six students that do not even speak English and Mr.Escalante gives them Spanish instructions. When Mr. Escalante and his wife eat at a restaurant owned by a family of one of his students they say â€Å"mucho gusto† to her father, which in English means â€Å"pleased to meet you. † Mr. Escalante not only teaches math at the high school, but he teaches English to Spanish-speaking adults in the evenings and there are many people in his class. Even one of the agents from the ETS in the movie speaks Spanish telling them that he came from their neighborhood. The environment of East Los Angeles is full of symbols that deal with the culture of the characters.We see a pinata store and even see a man pushing a taco cart. These symbols deal with the Hispanic culture, but there is another culture for these students and that is one of being poor. We see in the movie graffiti everywhere and the buildings are rundown with fading paint. Mr. Escalante’s stereo is stolen from his car and we see the secretary reporting a theft to a police officer. It is terrible, but these are cultural symbols for this neighborhood. The cultural rituals we witness in this movie are seen at school and in the character’s interactions at home.A great deal of the movie takes place in the classroom because Mr. Escalante makes his students show up an hour early for school and stay late everyday and he even makes them come in on Saturdays. This changed the idea of school for many of these students that were used to slacking off in school. The students are part of this ritual because they want to pass the AP exam and Mr. Escalante expects them to show up. We witness the students taking quizzes everyday and having a quiz every Friday. They even come to school during the summer for five hours each day.At home we see one student’s ritual. She is responsible for getting the kids to be bed because her father works at night and her mother works during the day. We see her pack her father a meal, tell him goodbye, put the k ids to bed just as her mother gets home, and as she tries to do her homework her mother tells her to turn out the light so she can sleep. This is her ritual every night. The cultural ideology in this film is shown by the students and faculty. Many of these students do not take Mr. Escalante seriously because they do not think they can make anything of themselves. One of Mr.Escalante’s students is almost forced to drop out of school so she can work in her family’s restaurant full-time. Her father’s ideology is shown when he tells Mr. Escalante that she cannot go to college or finish high school and that no one else in her family went far in school and they are doing fine. The faculty’s ideology in this movie is quite frightening. When Mr. Escalante brings up the idea of teaching calculus, the principal laughs out loud at him because he does not think that these students have the skills to take calculus. He also has many interactions with another teacher th at constantly tells Mr.Escalante that these kids do not have the ability to do well and when the class is suspected of cheating she does not doubt for a second that they did it. The social solidarity in this movie exists between Mr. Escalante and his students. Mr. Escalante works together with his students to teach them calculus and pass the AP exam. He develops a bond with these kids and constantly tries to motivate them to believe that they can do it. Many of these kids come from broken homes and in taking an interest in their life it really makes a difference when you are getting them to learn (Teaching Today).They show up for extra hours to learn from Mr. Escalante because they believe him when he tells them they can do it. Mr. Escalante is always there for them when they need him. When one of his students is told to drop out of school, he talks her father into letting her come back and in the end we see how much they like him when they present him with a gift for all that he ha d done for them. Since he believed in them, they believed in him. Historical Culture Historically, the culture is challenged by Mr. Escalante throughout the entire movie.He comes to teach at a high school where they do not expect much from their students and he completely changes that. He tells the faculty to allow him to teach calculus, which had never been taught at their high school before. He makes his students come to summer school, which had previously only been open for students who were behind in their classes. He constantly challenges the practices of this school and he succeeds in his challenges by expecting a great deal from these kids and not allowing them to give up because of their ethnicity or where they come from.In keeping the standards high for his students he is the first to really challenge them and make them work hard, which is why he is so successful (Teaching Today). His constant motivation was the result of his attitude towards these students that they could succeed regardless of their background, which is why he was such an effective teacher (McCormack-Larkin, 410). Mr. Escalante did not let the past dictate what he did with his students. The most important thing that he did change was making these students think about making something of their life.He was able to encourage the students to learn by the styles of his teaching. He was able to interest them in the subject. â€Å"It is a teacher’s infectious enthusiasm for learning itself, as much as the student’s own curiosity about the teacher’s subject, that is apt to captivate a student† (Banner 11). Revolutionary Thinking This thinking by Mr. Escalante was revolutionary. He went against what everyone was saying and completely changed the way these kids thought about themselves. Paulo Friere speaks of revolution as, â€Å"an equal effort by both sides leader and people not one more than the other† (Friere, 129).Mr. Escalante is the leader and the stud ents are the people because he presents his idea of teaching calculus and they follow him. What I learned â€Å"Stand and Deliver† was an excellent film and has really impacted the way in which I will teach when I become a teacher. Mr. Escalante always expected his students to do well even when others told him they could not. I feel that in teaching we have to expect our students to succeed if we want to be effective. It is my responsibility to convey my expectations to these students and encourage them to achieve this success.Another lesson I have learned from â€Å"Stand and Deliver† is to work hard in the classroom, but have fun while you are doing it. By having fun you build relationships with students and building relationships is very important in reaching students, especially those that are disadvantaged (Teaching Today). I will also remember to constantly use dialogue with my students because dialogue is used to learn and know (Freire, 17). Academic Expectation s [pic] Jaime Escalante was a math teacher and throughout the movie he met many of Kentucky’s Academic Expectations.Sarah is going into the field of Elementary Education and all of these Academic Expectations are going to be met by her as well. Program of Studies Dennis will be teaching at the high school level just like Mr. Escalante, but he will be teaching History instead of Math. Both will have to deal with Program of Studies and one that meets the needs of both is SS-H-WG-CS-4 (Teaching Tools). This Program of Studies states that students will analyze how regions and places can have distinct cultural characteristics (Teaching Tools). Mr.Escalante was from the same place as his students and knew all about the culture of East Los Angeles and how it was mostly Hispanic. While this did not necessarily deal with his teaching of math it dealt with his ability to interact with the students. Core Content for Assessment As an Elementary school teacher, Sarah will be responsible f or each content area, but social studies relates directly to Dennis as he is teaching history. The core content area of social studies section SS-E-2. 1. 2 which says Elements of culture (e. g. language, music, art, dress, food, stories, folktales) serve to define specific groups and may result in unique perspectives, relates directly to the students in â€Å"Stand and Deliver† (Teaching Tools). The students had to accept how their culture stood out from the surrounding areas. When they were accused of cheating on the test, they knew that their culture was perceived differently than if they would have been Caucasians. New Teacher Standard As Kentucky teachers, Sarah and Dennis will have to meet certain standards when teaching and in watching â€Å"Stand and Deliver† we witnessed a very important standard.New Teacher Standard 2: Creates/ Maintains Learning Climate, which states that, â€Å"The teacher creates a learning climate that supports the development of student abilities to use communication skills, apply core concepts, become self-sufficient individuals, become responsible team members, think and solve problems, and integrate knowledge† (New Teacher Standards). Mr. Escalante gets the most out of his students because his classroom is a very effective climate. He supports them by constantly encouraging them and holding them accountable in everything they do. Bibliography Banner Jr. James M. and Harold C. Cannon. The Elements of Teaching. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1997. Freire, Paulo. Pedagogy of the Oppressed. New York: Continuum, 2000. McCormack-Larkin, Maureen. â€Å"Change in Urban Schools. † Journal of Negro Education 54 (3) (1985): 409-415. New Teacher Standards. Educational Professional Standards Board. 21 Oct. 2005. . Stand and Deliver. Dir. Ramon Menendez. Perf. Edward James Olmos and Lou Diamond Phillips. Warner Bros. , 1988. Teaching Today: Weekly Tips. Glencoe Online. 15 Oct. 2005. . Teaching Tools. Kentucky Department of Education. 21 Oct. 2005. .